The US human rights treaty ratification record

The US has been visible in an unfortunate way in the human rights treaty system by its failure to ratify most of the core human rights treaties. Presently it is a party only to:

• the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ratified in 1992)


• the Convention against Torture (ratified in 1994)


• the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racism (ratified in 1994)

The US has also ratified in 2002 the 2 optional protocols to the Convention on the Rights of the Child, but not the main Convention itself. The 2 protocols are on the prohibition of child soldiers and the prevention of the sale, prostitution, pornography or trafficking of children.

Now comes the Obama Administration which has apparently signalled a willingness to put forward two additional ratifications to the US Senate -- the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the newest treaty, the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Both committees noted this development in their general remarks at this Inter-Committee meeting and urged the US government to initiate ratification efforts as soon as possible. It would appear from the remarks made by both Chairpersons that each Committee has been in communication with the Obama Administration on this topic.

It would be nice to see the US join the human rights treaty system in this manner, by adding two more ratificaitons, but why stop there? The other human rights treaties to which the US is not yet a party include:

• the International Covenant on Economic, Social & Cultural Rights (entered into force in 1976, now ratified by 160 countries)


• the Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (entered into force in 1981, now ratified by 186 countries)


• the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of all Migrant Workers and Members of their Families (entered into force in 2003, now ratified by 41 countries)


• the International Convention for the Protection of all Persons from Enforced Disappearance (this treaty has not yet entered into force; it requires 20 ratifications and only has 10 so far)

Penny Parker

The Liberian National Human Rights Commission

National human rights commissions, or "NHRIs", are becoming increasingly important to the human rights procedures. This year the Inter Committee meeting of human rights treaty bodies dedicated a portion of its agenda to discussing this phenomenon.

Mr. Gianni Magazzeni, the UN Coordinator for its National Institutions Unit, presented a statement and fielded questions. Several other NHRI spokespersons also participated. According to Mr. Magazzeni, 82 of the 112 country situations reviewed by the UN treaty body system in 2008 had local NHRIs. About 50%, 39 NHRIs, participated in some portion of their country's review process, and this trend is growing.

The primary problem with NHRIs is that they can either be "puppets", unduly influenced by the government regime in which they are established, or they can be true champions of human rights, and it is sometimes difficult to tell which is which. It all depends on the independence, impartiality and expertise of the members of the NHRI, including the independence of their funding. To try to identify which NHRIs are which, there is an accreditation process organized by the International Coordinating Committee of NHRIs. There are also a set of guidelines, known as the Paris Principles, which help to identify the key attributes of an NHRI which is truly independent and impartial.

I made a presentation during this general discussion of NHRIs and pointed to the new, emerging developments in Liberia where it has been decided that an NHRI will be established, but it is not clear yet what level of independence and funding sources will be available. Liberia will be appearing before the Committee on Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) this summer. I encouraged the Committee members present to raise this topic with the government delegation from Liberia when they appear before CEDAW, including the assurances the government is implementing to protect and preserve the independence and sustainability of the NHRI.

The specific date that the Liberia report will be considered in CEDAW has not yet been established, but the Committee session will run from July 20th to August 7th in New York.

Penny Parker

States react

It's always a little tense when the treaty body members have a session with the states parties. The states elect the treaty body members, ask them to be impartial and independent, and then bristle when those same treaty body members offer criticisms and recommendations for how the state could improve its human rights conditions. The session on Tuesday was no exception.

Of the 57 state delegations that attended, 34 have a report being reviewed by one or more of the 9 human rights treaty bodies during 2009. In addition, 38 of the 57 countries have experts elected to one or more treaty bodies from their own country. In fact only 10 of the state delegations who attended the Tuesday session had neither -- no report coming up before a committee in 2009 and no expert on any committee.

Some states were quick to complement the treaty bodies and underscore the importance of the treaty body system to the promotion and protection of human rights. But many states were critical of particular practices. Some of the criticisms included the following:

• It was felt by some that the treaty bodies tend to drift outside of their mandate and comment on political issues, or on human rights conditions not relevant to the particular treaty under which they serve
• Several states commented on the burden of preparing state reports, the conflicting requirements and practices from the different treaty bodies, and the difficulties to prepare for a presentation to a treaty body when each treaty body was very different in its procedures and expectations. There has been an effort in recent years by the treaty bodies to harmonize their practices so that the look and feel of each treaty body experience is more consistent. But several states and treaty body members acknowledged that this harmonization effort needs to continue.
• Several states were particularly critical of the treaty bodies willingness to hear testimony and consider documentation from NGOs, particularly when this information was contrary to the state's own testimony and documentation. This is a common criticism heard each year and of course is more prevalent among states who have serious human rights problems.
• Several states were also critical of the practice by some treaty bodies to review state conditions in countries who have failed to file a report. This "in absentia" review was viewed as unfair and unsuitable. This issue is another that comes up each year. The problem faced by the treaty bodies is that they are tasked with reviewing state compliance to the treaty, but some states have never filed a report from which such a review can be made. Other states have failed to file reports for many years. On average, reports are due every 4 or 5 years, but some states haven't filed a report with the treaty body for over 30 years. Some treaty bodies have now adopted a practice of reminding states by letter if they haven't filed for over 10 years, and then stepping up the pressure with further reminders, personal visits, and other efforts to escalate the communications, to try to incentivize the state to file its report. Finally, if all efforts to get the country to respond have failed, the committee then schedules the country for review in the absence of a report. It is this final step that several state delegations were critical of in the Tuesday session.
• There was also a spirited debate and clash of viewpoints between the delegation of Egypt and the Committee Against Torture (CAT), regarding the recent review of the compliance report of Israel before CAT. The representative from the Egyptian delegation was especially critical of the committee's final conclusions and observations, feeling that the committee had taken too many statements of the Israeli delegation at face value and had failed to challenge them. Both the Egyptian delegation and members of the CAT were quoting from the final CAT report to make their points.
• Some of the other comments and suggestions from states were better time management of sessions, better advance notice of issues and topics to be discussed in the state review session, better transparency of information that the committee is relying upon, and more efforts to remove backlogs and speed up proceedings.

All in all, it is remarkable to realize that the system works at all. States have essentially given up a little bit of their sovereignty by ratifying human rights treaties which authorize the committee established under the treaty to poke around into their domestic affairs and criticize their practices. Yet after nearly 40 years of human rights treaties in operation, we are approaching universal ratification of the human rights treaties by all of the countries in the world. All countries in the world have ratified at least 1 of the 9 human rights treaties. Some treaties, such as the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination against Women, are nearing 100% ratification.

Here are the ratification records of each of the major treaties:

• International Convention on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination -- 173 states (89%)
• International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights -- 163 states (84%)
• International Covenant on Economic, Social & Cultural Rights -- 160 states (82%)
• Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women -- 186 states (95%)
• Convention Against Torture -- 146 states (75%)
• Convention on the Rights of the Child -- 193 states (99%)
• International Convention on the Rights of Migrant Workers and Their Families -- 41 states (21%)
• Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities -- 58 states (30%)
• Optional Protocol to the Convention Against Torture (which establishes the Subcommittee on Prevention of Torture) -- 47 states (32%)

Penny Parker

Day 2: Listening to the states

The 2nd day of the Inter Committee meeting was devoted to a dialogue with states parties. By my unofficial count 57 countries appeared and many of them presented comments during the day. I'll cover some of the things that were said in a later post. But first I thought I would post the list of countries who were present:

• Algeria
• Angola
• Argentina
• Australia
• Austria
• Azerbaijan
• Bahrain
• Belgium
• Bolivia
• Bosnia and Herzegovina
• Brazil
• Chile
• China
• Colombia
• Congo
• Czech Republic
• Denmark
• Egypt
• El Salvador
• Finland
• France
• Germany
• Greece
• Guatemala
• Hungary
• Indonesia
• Ireland
• Israel
• Italy
• Japan
• Kazakhstan
• Mexico
• Montenegro
• Morocco
• Nepal
• New Zealand
• Norway
• Pakistan
• Palestine
• Paraguay
• Peru
• Philippines
• Qatar
• Republic of Korea
• Romania
• Russian Federation
• Singapore
• Slovakia
• Slovenia
• South Africa
• Spain
• Switzerland
• Thailand
• Turkey
• United Kingdom
• United States
• Venezuela

Penny Parker